Transitive verbs have both active and passive forms:
active | passive | |
The hunter killed the lion. | >> | The lion was killed by the hunter. |
Someone has cleaned the windows | >> | The windows have been cleaned |
The passive forms are made up of the verb be with a past participle:
be | past participle | ||
English | is | spoken | all over the world |
The windows | have been | cleaned | |
Lunch | was being | served | |
The work | will be | finished | soon |
They | might have been | invited | to the party |
We sometimes use the verb get to form the passive:
Be careful with the glass. It might get broken.
Peter got hurt in a crash.
Peter got hurt in a crash.
If we want to show the person or thing doing the action we use by:
We can use the indirect object as the subject of a passive verb:
active | passive | |
I gave him a book for his birthday | >> | He was given a book for his birthday. |
Someone sent her a cheque for a thousand euros | >> | She was sent a cheque for a thousand euros. |
active | passive | |
They called off the meeting. | >> | The meeting was called off. |
His grandmother looked after him. | >> | He was looked after by his grandmother. |
They will send him away to school. | >> | He will be sent away to school. |
Some verbs very frequently used in the passive are followed by the to-infinitive:
be supposed to | be expected to | be asked to |
be scheduled to | be allowed to | be told to |
John has been asked to make a speech at the meeting.
You are supposed to wear a uniform.
The meeting is scheduled to start at seven.
You are supposed to wear a uniform.
The meeting is scheduled to start at seven.
The active and passive forms of the verb write are given below:
When the active verb is in the simple present tense
Active verb: write/writes
Passive verb: is/am/are written
- He writes a letter. (Active)
- A letter is written by him. (Passive)
When the active verb is in the present continuous tense
Active verb: is/am/are writing
Passive verb: is/am/are being written
- He is writing a letter. (Active)
- A letter is being written by him. (Passive)
When the active verb is in the present perfect tense
Active verb: has/have written
Passive verb: has/have been written
- He has written a letter. (Active)
- A letter has been written by him. (Passive)
When the active verb is in the simple past tense
Active verb: wrote
Passive verb: was/were written
- He wrote a letter. (Active)
- A letter was written by him. (Passive)
When the active verb is in the past continuous tense
Active: was/were writing
Passive: was/were being written
- He was writing a letter. (Active)
- A letter was being written by him. (Passive)
When the active verb is in the past perfect tense
Active verb: had written
Passive verb: had been written
- He had written a letter. (Active)
- A letter had been written by him. (Passive)
When the active verb is in the simple future tense
Active verb: will/shall write
Passive verb: will/shall be written
- He will write a letter. (Active)
- A letter will be written by him. (Passive)
When the active verb is in the future perfect tense
Active verb: will/shall have written
Passive verb: will/shall have been written
- He will have written a letter. (Active)
- A letter will have been written by him.(Passive)
Reference: British Council
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